Searching and reference checking within social networks

ABSTRACT

A computer-implemented method for identifying a potential reference is disclosed. In one embodiment, a user interface (UI) object (e.g., a one-click reference search button) is provided, for example, on a web page displayed at a user&#39;s client device. When selected, the UI object causes a reference search query to be generated. The search query identifies the user performing the search, and a target person for whom the user would like a reference. The search query is communicated to, and processed by, a social networking system (e.g., through an API function call). In turn, the social networking system returns information about potential references to the client.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to and claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application with Ser. No. 60/773,008, filed on Feb. 13, 2006, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a “people-networking” scheme that may be embodied in computer software and/or hardware and that can be characterized as both a browser and broker of human networks on the Internet. When used in a computer network environment employing a client-server architecture, a client-side software application may act as a browser and relationship manager while a server component may act as a broker. When used in a peer-to-peer or distributed server architecture, the broker function can be distributed.

BACKGROUND

One theory behind social networking postulates that if person A wishes to meet person B, s/he can leverage friends and acquaintances to achieve that result. In the course of conducting their everyday affairs (whether personal or business), people generally access their networks of contacts for referrals, information and/or advice on a variety of matters, for example

-   -   When choosing a physician     -   When seeking a new employee or employer     -   When investigating new investment opportunities.

In examples such as these, an individual's decisions can be made more efficient if s/he has access to the advice of trusted associates and friends. However, it is often the case that an individual will find that s/he does not know anyone with the information s/he needs at a specific place and time. In such a situation, the individual may try going out an extra degree within his or her own “human networks” by asking a contact to provide the name of a contact who may have the needed information. This presents a quandary for the person asked for a referral—namely, whether or not to reveal his or her contacts to the requestor. By making such revelations, the “connector” may compromise his or her network or expose one or more of his or her contacts to unwanted solicitations. By not making the referral, however, the connector may risk his or her association with the person seeking the referral. Whether or not to make the referral often depends upon the degree of trust that the connector has in the person seeking the referral and any past experiences in making such referrals to the target referee.

Even where the referral is ultimately made, there is no guarantee that the referee is going to be a suitable candidate for the original requestor's purpose. Thus, the requestor may be forced to track down a number of leads (many of which may be unsuitable) in the hope of finding a suitable target. This process is rather inefficient, usually because a) the requester does not have enough information about the contacts of his or her contacts in order to determine which contacts to approach for referrals, and/or b) the requester has failed to properly elucidate his or her requirements and/or because the requestor was not provided with sufficient information regarding the potential target to be able to eliminate him or her from further consideration. In other words, the profiles of the desired target and the resulting candidates were not sufficiently developed to meaningfully assist in the selection process.

Despite their inefficiencies, human networks are central to most, if not all, value-creating activities and operate at multiple levels, including personal networks (the personal and professional contacts each of us has), organizational networks (links within and between organizations), and associations and interest groups (people attracted by common values, interests, and goals). Today, many individuals may also be regarded as existing online community members, members of organizational networks (independent consultants, alliances, partnerships, consortiums, associations) or employees of small to large companies. They engage in human development, organizational learning, training, management, brokering, marketing, sales, trade, research, and consulting activities, all of which depend, to some degree, on inter-human networks. Such individuals generally understand the value of computer networks as tools for sharing information, but presently these individuals have only limited access to tools that can give them an edge (e.g., a competitive advantage) to make better human network connections on the Internet. However, even with the advantages provided by the Internet, opportunity is still limited by the reach of an individual's personal network.

Others have recognized some of these deficiencies and have proposed partial solutions. For example, some prior schemes for leveraging human network characteristics show the benefit of using automated means to assist in decision-making processes regarding the use of such networks. However, these schemes do not assist in the forming of relationships or introductions among members of disparate human networks nor do they provide for the brokering function discussed above, which is critical to the exchange of social capital among individuals. Other schemes include access control systems that generally allow only intended users to have access to information. Such systems may make use of encryption schemes, such as public/private key encryption schemes, or other access controls such as:

-   -   Simple access that is either open or closed.     -   Schemes wherein data or data areas are separated into public and         private (or further) designations.     -   Schemes which use multiple access groups to which people and         other groups are assigned.     -   Schemes involving role-based access control.

In addition to access control schemes, other profiling systems do exist and are often used as adjuncts to e-commerce technologies to provide some limited contact book updating capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides advanced filtering, searching and reference checking tools and methods for use with and within social networking applications.

One embodiment of the invention provides a computer-implemented method in which one or more software agents broker matches between user-specified search criteria and targets, report such matches according to the level of identity between the search criteria and information found in profiles of the potential targets. The method also provides for a “one-click” reference search to allow a searcher to access information pertaining to the potential target among other sources within the searcher's network of connections, and then report on such references, ranked according to instructions specified by the searcher.

In one embodiment, a user interface (UI) object (e.g., a one-click reference search button) is provided, for example, on a web page displayed at a user's client device. When selected, the UI object causes a reference search query to be generated. The search query identifies the user performing the search, and a target person for whom the user would like a reference. The search query is communicated to, and processed by, a social networking system (e.g., through an API function call). In turn, the social networking system returns information about potential references to the client.

In a further embodiment of the invention, a one-click reference feature allows a user to automatically initiate an introduction request to an individual within the user's social network who has a direct connection to one or more of the targets identified during the user's search.

In another embodiment of the invention, a computer implemented method in which incoming messages are scanned, and the senders' names (and other user-definable information) are compared to a social networking application database, thereby initiating a search for a profile that matches the sender within the database. Upon locating such a profile, summary information concerning the sender (e.g., as extracted from the database) is displayed along with the incoming message.

In a further embodiment of the invention, incoming messages (e.g., e-mail messages, IM messages, etc.) are filtered by a computer implemented system according to user-definable instructions. The filtered messages are prioritized, again according to user-definable criteria, and information therein used to search a social networking application database for summary information regarding the senders of the filtered and prioritized messages, such that each message can be displayed along with that summary information.

The incoming messages may be filtered according to user-definable instructions that include one or more of the following: a sender's relationship to the recipient as determined by the social networking application, the sender's current title and place of employment, the sender's profile summary, as entered by the sender into the social networking application, reputation information about the sender as derived from the social networking application, relevance of the content of the message as compared to the interests of the recipient which the recipient may have recorded in his or her own profile in the social networking application or elsewhere, and the relevance of the content of the sender's profile to the recipient's profile, as recorded for each in the social networking application or elsewhere.

Another embodiment of the invention provides a computer implemented method that provides a mechanism for viral forwarding of searches conducted within a social networking application. A user is permitted to select criteria for a search within a social networking database, conduct the search and view results displayed, and is then offered a list of individuals to whom the search criteria and results could be forwarded in order to obtain improved results by virtue of access to the personal networks of those other individuals. Such a list may include individuals that satisfy user-definable criteria. and such individuals may be ranked according to user-specified criteria. The user may also be able to select individuals from the list recommended by the system to whom the search should be forwarded. An embodiment of the invention would also allow the user to attach a message to the forwarded search.

In still another embodiment of the invention, a mechanism is provided whereby each person receiving a forwarded search may in turn forward that same search to others. Each time a search is so forwarded, if permitted by the searcher, the individual forwarding the search has the ability to modify, add to, or otherwise alter the search. Individuals receiving forwarded searches are selected based on user-definable criteria, wherein those criteria can include one or more of the following: connection threshold, connection strength, affiliations with organizations, industries or employers, schooling, or other elements of profiles the user wishes to use as a filter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other more detailed and specific objects and features of the present invention are more fully disclosed in the following specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a Web page, and in particular a member profile page, for a social network platform including a “One Click Reference Checking Option” displayed therein;

FIG. 2 illustrates search results received from reference check initiated as a result of a user selecting the one click reference checking option shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of message filtering capabilities provided by embodiments of the present invention and, in particular, shows a mouseover of an icon included in a window in which an incoming message is displayed, and a resulting pop-up window that contains summary information about the message sender along with links to more detailed information about the sender and the sender's relationship to the message recipient;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a process of one click reference checking in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a dashboard configured to handle several related relationship management functions, to include: “Keep In Touch Reminders,” “Contacts to Invite,” “Contact Updates,” “Needs a Reply?,” and “Needs a Follow-Up?”, consistent with some embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are improvements and enhancements for social networking applications including search and user interface components, advanced message management functions, and systems and methods to augment searches through a process of viral forwarding of search profiles.

Some portions of the detailed description that follows are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data within a computer memory (e.g., using flowcharts and the like). These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the computer science arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, objects, symbols, characters, terms, numbers or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise, it will be appreciated that throughout the description of the present invention, use of terms such as “processing”, “computing,” “calculating”, “determining”, “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. The various objects, data structures, algorithms, etc. described herein may be stored as computer-readable instructions on computer-readable media in the conventional fashion.

Various embodiments of the present invention may be implemented with the aid of computer-implemented processes or methods (a.k.a. programs or routines) that may be rendered in any computer language including, without limitation, C#, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ and the like. Java is a form of an object-oriented (i.e., focused on data and the interfaces to it), dynamic programming language for computer systems developed by Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif. Java has an extensive library of subroutines for coping with TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) protocols like HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) and FTP (file transfer protocol). Thus, Java applications can open and access objects (i.e., data) across the Internet (or other computer networks) via URLs (uniform resource locators, also known as web addresses) similar to the way other software can access a local file system. Because Java was designed to support applications on networks, which may be composed of a variety of systems with a variety of central processing unit (CPU) and operating system architectures, all Java programs are compiled to an architecture- or platform-neutral object file format. Thus, the compiled code is executable on many processors.

The present invention can likewise be implemented with an apparatus to perform the operations described herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer, selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and processes presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method. For example, any of the methods according to the present invention can be implemented in hard-wired circuitry, by programming a general-purpose processor or by any combination of hardware and software. One of ordinary skill in the art will immediately appreciate that the invention can be practiced with computer system configurations other than those described below, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, DSP devices, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network.

Computer implemented social networking applications help people find and obtain trusted referrals to other people they wish to meet by taking advantage of the social connections of their own friends, acquaintances, and family. Such a system was described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/852,336, 11/146,815 and 11/219,035 each of which is incorporated herein for reference. One component of social networking is the ability to find individuals among one's connections to provide personal insights and knowledge about people one would like to meet. Another component of social networking is the use of reputation information to efficiently determine which individuals within one's contacts is most likely to have the information best suited to one's purpose. What is needed in a computer-implemented system of social networking is a way to efficiently integrate one's everyday methods of communications, particularly digital communications, with the knowledge contained in the aggregate of all of one's contacts.

One-click Reference Checking

As a component of social networking, contacts are valuable for not only finding an individual the searcher wishes to meet, but also for finding persons who can act as references to give the searcher personal insights and knowledge about individuals the searcher may wish to meet. When checking references, searchers typically wish to check the references explicitly provided by the individual being checked. In order to establish increased objectivity as well as to create increased personal trust and rapport between the person providing the reference and the searcher, an ability to find individuals in addition to those provided by the person being checked is desirable. For example, if John would like to evaluate Paul, John will speak with the references Paul has provided, but John would also like to speak with others who may be able to provide John with further insight on Paul. Ideally, these “hidden” references will be individuals whom John knows, or who are trusted contacts of one of John's trusted contacts.

Embodiments of the present invention build on the systems and methods described in the above-cited U.S. Patent Applications by adding unique search and user interface components that enable users of social networking systems to find and choose appropriate additional references who have not been revealed by the targeted candidate. Hence, embodiments of the present invention include mechanisms for conducting searches for potential target persons that match the search criteria provided by the searcher or by defaults inherent in the social network system. An option is provided for each target person found as a selectable (e.g., by mouse click or other cursor control event) link for a “one-click reference”.

Referring to FIG. 1, a hyperlink (designated as a “One Click Reference” link in the illustration) within a Web page that includes an individual's personal profile may allow other users to locate people who can act as references for the subject individual. Clicking on or otherwise selecting this link initiates a search for individuals in the searcher's network who have attributes in their stored profiles that indicate they may know the target. For example, as part of the search the system may specifically look for individuals who list an organization, such as an employer, where the potential target and the searcher's contact have both belonged to this same organization for an overlapping time period. The system may then sort the results of such a search so as to bring the most relevant results to the top of the list. Results may be deemed more or less relevant according to criteria established by the searcher or chosen by the searcher from a list of options provided by the system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of such reference search results presented to the searcher. In some cases, a brief summary of each reference may be shown, along with links to more detailed profiles of each reference, as part of the search result. Since time (e.g., currency) and the nature of the target's position or company is likely to be highly relevant to the searcher's evaluation, the example of a search result shown in FIG. 2 includes information on how many likely references have been found who overlap with the target in particular positions. The searcher is provided with an ability to uncheck or deselect check boxes next to positions that are not relevant and then run the search again to be presented with a list comprising those individuals who overlap the target in companies for the remaining checked positions.

FIG. 2 also illustrates one mechanism by which summary information is provided about each potential reference, including the reference's own current position and employer, degrees of connection to the searcher, number of endorsements by other users, and any other relevant attributes that prove useful to the searcher in a particular embodiment of the invention. By clicking on a link to a reference, the searcher is presented with a full profile for that individual. In an embodiment of the invention, the searcher is also able to initiate an introduction request to be sent to the potential reference through another individual who connects the searcher to the potential reference.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method for one click reference checking according to an embodiment of the present invention. Once a user clicks on the reference link pictured in FIG. 1 and represented in FIG. 4 at 402, a search is conducted of the user's social network to find individuals whose personal profiles indicate they may know the target for whom references are sought. An example would be a search that was directed to individuals who attended the same school as the target in an overlapping time period.

If the search is successful 403, the user may initiate a request for information on the target from one or more of the potential reference 404. If the results are not useful, the user has the option to choose attributes to add or remove from the one click reference search 405 and run the search again 402 using these new parameters.

Incoming Message Relationship Information and Filtering

Social network applications can provide extremely valuable information to help in evaluating the potential importance of incoming messages by providing information about the sender that would otherwise not be known to the recipient. The present invention includes improvements and enhancements to user interface designs and message management functions that build upon and significantly add to the field of social networking.

Embodiments of the invention can be implemented with any type of digitized messages, including email, instant messaging, telephone and any type of digital communications environment, including client-server and person-to-person (p2p). With email as an example of an incoming message, embodiments of the invention include a computer-implemented mechanism to scan certain portions of each incoming email that arrives in a user's message inbox. As each message arrives, the sender's name and digital address are extracted and provided to a social networking application database that may be external to the user's email application. If the system matches information about the sender to information recorded in the database, the system retrieves pre-determined summary information about the sender to be displayed along with the incoming message.

As shown in FIG. 3, in one embodiment of the invention, a small icon may be included in a window in which the incoming message is displayed. The icon indicates to the recipient that more information is available about the sender. When the recipient passes a cursor over the icon (an action known as a mouseover event), a new window opens (such pop-up windows are well known in art). This new window may be used to display summary information about the sender (i.e., the information extracted from the social network database) along with links to more information about the sender and the sender's relationship to the recipient.

Information about the sender may include any one or more of the following:

-   -   1. The sender's relationship to the recipient as determined by         the social network application. For example, whether the sender         is 1, 2, or 3 (or more) degrees away from the sender (each         degree representing a connecting person in a chain of         person-to-person relationships connecting the sender to the         recipient).     -   2. The sender's current title and company and profile summary as         entered by the sender in his/her profile in the social         networking application. In some cases someone other than the         sender may have entered the information, for example the         sender's profile may actually be included in a contact list of         another user of the social networking application; or the         sender's profile may have been extracted from other sources.     -   3. A link to the sender's profile entry in the social networking         application.     -   4. Reputation information about the sender, as derived from the         social network application.     -   5. Relevance of the content of the message as compared to the         interests of the recipient, which interests the recipient may         have recorded in his or her own profile in the social networking         application or elsewhere.     -   6. Relevance of the content of the sender's profile to the         recipient's profile, as recorded for each in the social         networking application or elsewhere.

The present invention thus makes it possible for the message recipient to see additional information about the sender derived from a social networking application and then conveniently overlaid upon the incoming message for easy reference and evaluation. Providing this information to the user in a convenient display streamlines the process by which the user decides whether or not to read and respond to the current message.

In another embodiment of the invention, the same information is additionally used to filter and prioritize incoming messages for the recipient's attention and according to either default instructions or customized instructions provided by the user/recipient. For example, messages may be prioritized and flagged, or sorted by order of display or into various message folders, or discarded, according to specific combinations of factors chosen by the user. Such factors may include: the sender's degree of separation from the recipient; minimum indications of closeness of connection or trust connecting the sender and recipient; relevance of the sender's message content to the recipient's stated interests; relevance of sender's profile content to the recipient's profile content; and reputation information about the sender.

Viral Forwarding of Searches in a Social Networking Application

The present invention improves on prior social networking applications by allowing users to augment their searches by forwarding those searches on to other people.

In embodiments of the invention, an original searcher will define criteria for a search and then launch the search. The searcher then requests that the search be forwarded on to other people. The system responds to this request by compiling a list of recommended individuals to whom the searcher should forward the search. The list of recommended individuals may be compiled using various techniques for (a) finding actual connectors who may have been filtered out of the original search results (e.g., by their own access controls or by the criteria of the searcher), and/or (b) finding likely connectors whom the searcher knows.

Criteria used by the system for selecting individuals to whom the search should be forwarded include:

-   -   1. Direct connections of the searcher who are also direct         connections to one or more people who were ranked high in the         list of people in results from the original search. The theory         is that since these individuals already have connections to         people who match the search criteria, it is very likely that         their own social networks include an even greater number of         people who meet the criteria, but who may not have been         accessible to the searcher because, for example, they are not         included in the social networking database, or because of access         instructions previously entered by the searcher's connection.     -   2. The searcher's two-degree connections who are one degree away         from highly ranked results of the original search.     -   3. People who match the original search and who are closely         connected to the searcher by degree and other measures of         closeness. People who match the search are likely to know others         who match the search.     -   4. People whose profiles indicate a likelihood that they know         others who match the search criteria. For example, individuals         in certain professions or industries are likely to know others         in those professions or industries.

In some embodiments of the invention, the user will have the option to select some or all of the individuals recommended for receiving the forwarded search. The user will also be able to compose a message to accompany the forwarded search.

In some embodiments of the invention, the following information accompanies the forwarded search:

-   -   1. A message from the original searcher.     -   2. The original search criteria.     -   3. An option for the recipient to indicate that he or she         actually matches the search criteria.     -   4. An option for the recipient to further forward the search to         selected people in his or her own network.     -   5. A list of the intended secondary searcher's connections to         whom the system recommends that the secondary searcher should         forward the search. This list is built using the same method as         used for the original searcher; but at the secondary searcher's         option it is not shared with the original sender.     -   6. An option for the recipient to add additional people to the         list of people to whom the search will be forwarded.

In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the process of compiling a list of potential recipients of the search and then forwarding the search to those recipients along with recommendations for further forwarding, can continue up to the number of iterations limited by settings of any searcher in the chain of searchers, or by the settings of the system. The end result of forwarding the search even a few iterations will be the ability of the original searcher to reach a far broader network of contacts than would have been possible if the search had been contained within his own circle of contacts.

Contact Management Dashboard

The present invention significantly enhances the ability of users of social network applications to manage their contact information and interactions with their contacts through a social-network-enhanced “dashboard” user interface where users can quickly see and manage many aspects of their relationships, including messages which the user has sent to and received from various contacts of the user. FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of this dashboard configured to handle several related relationship management functions, including, in the case of this embodiment, a) “Keep-in-Touch Reminders”, b) “Contacts to Invite”, c) “Contact Updates”, d) “Needs a Reply?”, and e) “Needs Follow-Up?”.

In order to support all of these functions, the system periodically scans and analyzes the user's sent and received email messages, contact lists on the user's personal computer system, and information updates made by the user's personal contacts on the shared social networking application. Updates made by the user's contacts may include, for example, their current position titles and companies names, updates to their email addresses and other contact information, updates to their information about their own personal contacts, and updates or additions to any other components of their personal profiles in the shared social networking application.

Each time the dashboard is viewed by the user the system updates each section of the dashboard based on information retrieved from the latest scan, as stated above, and including results of analysis completed by the system against the updated information scanned. The system also takes into consideration any information available regarding permissions granted to the user by the user's contacts pertaining to the user's ability to view their updated information.

When determining what information to display in each section of the dashboard, and in what order, the system takes into account specific factors related to each section, as will be further described below. In addition, in all of these sections, the system also takes into account the relative importance to the user of the contact to which the relevant information pertains. For example, relevant information about contacts may be given higher rank in the displayed list based on one or more of the following factors:

-   -   1. the strength of connection between the user and the contact;     -   2. the degree of trust assigned by the user to the contact; and     -   3. indications of frequency and reciprocity of interactions         between the user and the contact as determined by analysis of         messages sent to and received from the contact.

In each case the dashboard also presents the user with the opportunity to fine-tune information recorded about any of these factors related to specific contacts. For example, when selected the “Manage” button next to the “Keep-in Touch Reminders” shown in FIG. 5 causes a new window to open (e.g., a pop up window), which window includes a Web form or other device that allows the user to add or remove people in the user's “keep-in-touch” list, or to modify information about their priority, strength of connection to the user, etc.

Next to each item shown in each section the user is also provided means within the dashboard to immediately respond to the item. For example, the “Send Email” button next to items in the “Keep-in-touch Reminders” section, when selected, will cause a new email composition window to open, allowing the user to send a new message to the contact referred to.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 and described below, email messages are scanned, analyzed and displayed when appropriate; however, other embodiments may also be built which also work with other types of messages such as instant messages and voice messages.

-   1. Keep-in-Touch Reminders: This section displays reminders to     keep-in-touch with important contacts of the user. The system     determines which individuals to include in this display based on a     number of factors, including i) the relative importance of the     contact to the user, ii) the length of time it has been since the     user corresponded with the contact, and iii) the proximity of dates     given for any special kinds of reminders about the contact that have     been recorded in the user's information on this contact, for     example, birthday or anniversary dates. -   2. Contacts to Invite: This section displays apparently important     contacts discovered by analysis of the user's incoming and outgoing     messages and to whom the user is not currently directly connected on     the social networking system. The “Invite” button allows the user to     quickly send an invitation to connect to this contact. -   3. Contacts Updates: In one embodiment of the invention, this     section includes two sub-sections. The first of these in FIG. 5     shows updates discovered from the shared social networking     application (“Updates from LinkedIn”). These represent changes made     by users in their profiles within the social networking application,     and to whom the present user is connected via that application.     These changes include, for example, changes in position title,     company, position descriptions, skills, etc., that are different     from data in the user's contact information that are stored in the     user's own personal system. The second subsection shows email     addresses discovered from analysis of the user's email when those     email addresses aren't included in the user's contact information     stored on their personal system. -   4. Needs a Reply?: This section includes emails which have been sent     to the user by one of the user's important contacts and which appear     to require a reply from the user. The need to reply is based on a)     indicators contained within the body of the message, for example,     the presence of a question mark or other semantic indicators that a     question is being asked of the user, b) any reminder flags which the     user may have previously set regarding this message, and c) the lack     of a reply made by the user to this particular email. In addition,     the determination of priority of need to reply may also be based on     indicators of the importance of the sender to the user, as described     above. The interface used for this section of the dashboard includes     links which the user may click in order to view the email in     question, or to view information about the sender of the message. -   5. Needs Follow-up?: This section is the inverse of the “Needs a     Reply?” section and includes emails which the user has sent to     others which need a response from the recipient. This is determined     based on i) indicators contained within the body of the message, for     example, the presence of a question mark or other semantic     indicators that a question is being asked by the user, ii) any     reminder flags which the user may have previously set regarding this     message, and iii) the lack of a reply made by the recipient of this     particular email. In addition, the determination of priority of need     to reply to follow-up may also be based on indicators of the     importance of the recipient to the user, as described above. -   6. Terminology: the following glossary is provided for readers who     might not be familiar with some of the terms used herein: -   7. Web Pages: One way to establish a presence on the Internet is by     placing a Web page, which is, ultimately, a computer data file on a     host operating a Web server within a given domain name. When the Web     server receives an inquiry from the Internet, it returns the Web     page data in the file to the computer making the inquiry. The Web     page may be a single line or multiple pages of information and may     include any message, name, word, sound or picture, or combination of     such elements. Most Web browsers will show somewhere on the screen     the domain name of the Web page being shown and will automatically     include the domain name in any printout of the Web page. There is no     technical connection or relationship between a domain name and the     contents of the corresponding Web page. There are a number of ways     for an Internet user to find a Web page. Web browsers feature access     to various indexes, commonly referred to as search engines.     Well-known indexes include InfoSeek™ Guide, Lycos™, ExCite™ and     Yahoo™. These indexes will allow the user to enter a name or a word     or a combination of words, and will return the results of the search     as a list of “hyperlinks” to Web pages that have information within     or associated with the document making up the page responding to the     search. -   8. Hyperlinks: A hyperlink is a link from one site on the Internet     to a second site on the Internet. “Clicking” (or, more generally,     selecting using a cursor control device such as a mouse, joystick,     touch pad, etc.) on a designated space on the initial site which     references the subsequent site by a picture, highlighted text or     some other indication will direct the user's browser from the     initial site to the second site. In addition to their use in     indexes, hyperlinks are commonly placed on Web pages, thus allowing     Internet users to move from Web page to Web page at the click of a     button, without having to type in URLs. Hyperlinks are also used to     initiate the transfer of files or other information from the hosting     resource to the user's computer in a process commonly known as     downloading. Hyperlinks can be and commonly are established without     reference to the domain name of the second site. A hyperlink is not     technically related to a domain name and therefore it can be     identical to an existing domain name without conflicting with that     domain name. For example, were the operator of a Web page known as     SITE to establish a home page at http: www.xyz.com, any number of     indexes could be employed and hyperlinks could be established to     bring up the page through use of the word SITE. -   9. Web Forms: In general, a form is a collection of form fields     displayed as a Web page by a browser in response to hypertext     mark-up language (HTML) tags and other information received from a     Web server. An associated form handler resides at the server to     collect and process the information submitted by a user via the     form. By using such forms, an information collection process     performed by a host is made interactive with the users thereof. That     is, users can add text to text boxes, select from drop down menus     and/or select check boxes and/or radio buttons, etc. Typically, the     user submits the form by clicking on a submit button or other     appropriately labeled element of the form and, upon such submission,     the contents of the form are passed to the form handler. Depending     upon the type of information being submitted and the type of form     handler being used, the information submitted by a user may be     appended to a file maintained by the host, for example a file     associated with a temporary account assigned to the user or a larger     database. In this way information may be collected, processed and     displayed to those who access it. -   10. Text Boxes: A text box is a standard form field into which a     user can type text. When a form containing a text box is submitted     in a Web browser, the name and contents of the text box are provided     to the form handler running on the server. -   11. Check Boxes: A check box field is typically arranged in a grid     or matrix fashion with one or more cells of the matrix including a     check box. Check box fields present a user with choices that can be     made by clicking (e.g., selecting or deselecting as appropriate) a     check box. Such fields are created and rendered using programming     techniques common in the art and any number (including all or none)     of individual check boxes may be selected or not. When a user     submits a form containing a check box field, the name of each check     box along with its value is provided to the form handler at the     host. -   12. Radio Buttons: Radio button fields present a user with a choice     that can be made by selecting a button. Radio buttons are displayed     in a set, only one of which may be selected at a time. When radio     button fields are created, they are assigned a group name, and each     button in the group is assigned a value and an initial state     (selected or not selected). When the user selects one of the buttons     in the field, all other buttons in the field take on a value of not     selected. Then, when the user submits the form, the group name and     value of the buttons is provided to the corresponding form handler     at the server for processing.

The above description is included to illustrate the operation of various embodiments of the present invention and is not meant to limit the scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving, via a first user interface presented in a first web page, search criteria for a search to be performed, the search to identify members of a social networking system having member profiles that satisfy the search criteria; using the received search criteria, performing a search of member profiles to identify one or more member profiles that satisfy the search criteria; causing a second user interface to be presented in a second web page, the second user interface displaying a first set of search results including the one or more member profiles identified as having satisfied the search criteria; receiving, via the second user interface, user-input representing a selection of a particular member profile presented in the set of search results; responsive to receiving the user-input, causing a third user interface to be presented in a third web page, the third user interface representing a member profile page for the particular member profile that has been selected from the search results, the third user interface presented in the third web page including a user interface object configured to facilitate an automated search of the social networking system to locate references for the member whose member profile has been selected from the search results and presented via the third web page; upon detecting selection of the user interface object, automatically performing a second search of the social networking system for individuals within a social network of a searcher that selected the user interface object and whose member profiles indicate employment with an organization at which the member whose member profile has been selected from the search results and presented via the third web page was also employed during a common time period; and subsequent to performing the second search, causing a fourth user interface to be presented in a fourth web page, the fourth user interface presenting a second set of search results for the second search.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: facilitating initiation of an introduction request to be sent on behalf of the searcher to a person who connects the searcher to the member whose member profile has been selected from the search results and presented via the third web page.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the user interface object is a user-selectable button or hyperlink.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the user interface object is served from a server different from a server hosting the social networking system.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: displaying, for each result in the set of second search results, along with the name of a respective reference, a second user interface object, wherein the second user interface object, when selected, facilitates a communication mechanism enabling the searcher to request information from the respective reference.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the communication mechanism is an email automatically addressed to the respective reference when the searcher is directly connected with the respective reference in the searcher's social network.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the communication mechanism is an email automatically addressed to a person who connects the searcher with the respective reference via a chain of person-to-person connections, as indicated by information in social networking profiles.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the results for the second set of search results are ordered in accordance with criteria established by the searcher.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the fourth user interface as presented in the fourth web page includes a list of previously and/or currently held employment positions of the member whose member profile has been selected from the search results and presented via the third web page, wherein selection of an employment position in the list will modify the presentation of the second set of search results to include as results of the second search only members whose member profile indicates employment with an organization at which the member, whose member profile has been selected from the search results and presented via the third web page, was employed in an employment position identified by the selected employment position, during a common time period.
 10. A computer-implemented method, comprising: displaying a member profile page for a target user within a social network; receiving, via the member profile page, a request from a requesting user within the social network to search for one or more reference users connected to the requesting user within the social network and having a member profile indicating employment at an organization at which the target member was employed during a common time period; identifying one or more reference users connected to the requesting user and having a member profile indicating employment at an organization at which the target member was employed during a common time period; and presenting a result of the request to the requesting user that includes information associated with the identified one or more reference users and a list of previously and/or currently held employment positions of the target user, wherein selection of an employment position in the list will modify the presentation of the one or more identified references to include only those references whose member profile indicates employment with an organization at which the target user was employed in an employment position identified by the selected employment position, during a common time period.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein presenting a result of the request to the requesting user includes presenting information associated with a subset of the identified one or more reference users in response to input received from the requesting user.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein receiving, via the profile page, a request from a requesting user within the social network to search for one or more reference users includes receiving the request via a user-selectable button presented via the profile page.
 13. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium whose contents, when executed by a computing system, cause the computing system to perform a method, the method comprising: displaying a member profile page for a target user within a social network; receiving, via the member profile page, a request from a requesting user within the social network to search for one or more reference users connected to the requesting user within the social network and having a member profile indicating employment at an organization at which the target member was employed during a common time period; identifying one or more reference users connected to the requesting user who have a member profile indicating employment at an organization at which the target member was employed during a common time period; and presenting a result of the request to the requesting user that includes information associated with the identified one or more reference users, and a list of previously and/or currently held employment positions of the target user, wherein selection of an employment position in the list will modify the presentation of the one or more identified references to include only those references whose member profile indicates employment with an organization at which the target user was employed in an employment position identified by the selected employment position, during a common time period.
 14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein presenting a result of the request to the requesting user includes presenting information associated with a subset of the identified one or more reference users in response to input received from the requesting user.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein receiving, via the profile page, a request from a requesting user within the social network to search for one or more reference users includes receiving the request via a user-selectable button presented via the profile page. 